tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-86155608757508304852024-03-13T03:15:13.126-07:00kloramfenikolannis_malahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01504675359987107341noreply@blogger.comBlogger1125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8615560875750830485.post-20878857187698300042010-12-29T22:14:00.000-08:002010-12-29T22:19:13.787-08:00kloramfenikol<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 24pt; line-height: 150%;">KLORAMFENIKOL</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama dagang <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region> : </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Combisetin (Combiphar)</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Farsycol (Ifars)</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kalmicetine (Kalbe Farma)</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lanacetine (Landson)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama perdagangan Kloramfenikol memiliki sejarah yang panjang dan karena itu banyak nama alternatif di berbagai negara: </span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alficetyn </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Amphicol </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Biomicin </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Chlornitromycin </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Chloromycetin (<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">US</st1:place></st1:country-region>, persiapan intravena) </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Chlorsig (AS, <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Australia</st1:place></st1:country-region>, tetes mata) </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dispersadron C (Yunani, tetes mata) </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Edrumycetin 250 mg (<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Bangladesh</st1:place></st1:country-region>, Kapsul) </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fenicol </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemicetine (Inggris, persiapan intravena) </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kloramfenikol (<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Denmark</st1:place></st1:country-region>, tetes mata) </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Laevomycetin </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Inggris sebagai pengobatan mata </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Brochlor ( Aventis Pharma Ltd) </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Chloromycetin Redidrops (Goldshield Farmasi Ltd) </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Golden Eye (Typharm Ltd) </span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Optrex terinfeksi Eyes </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Oftan Chlora (salep mata) </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Optacloran (<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Bolivia</st1:place></st1:country-region>, tetes mata) </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Phenicol </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Posifenicol 1% (Jerman, salep mata) </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Medicom </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nevimycin </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Renicol (<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region>, tetes mata) </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Silmycetin (<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Thailand</st1:place></st1:country-region>, tetes mata) </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Synthomycine (<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Israel</st1:place></st1:country-region>, salep mata dan salep kulit) </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tifomycine (Perancis, kloramfenikol berminyak) </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Vernacetin </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Veticol </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Orchadexoline (Mesir, tetes mata) </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Isoptophenicol (Mesir tetes mata.) </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cedoctine (Mesir persiapan infus.) </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Chloramex (Afrika Selatan, salep mata) </span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kloramfenikol ( INN ) adalah bakteriostatik antimikroba . Hal ini dianggap sebagai prototipikal antibiotik spektrum luas , di samping tetrasiklin. Kloramfenikol diisolasi pertama kali pada tahun 1947 dari Streptomyces venezuelae terisolasi oleh David Gottlieb , dan diperkenalkan ke dalam praktik klinis pada tahun 1949, di bawah nama dagang Chloromycetin. Ini adalah yang pertama antibiotik akan diproduksi secara sintetis dalam skala besar. Karena ternyata Kloramfenikol mempunyai daya antimikroba yang kuat maka penggunaan Kloramfenikol meluas dengan cepat sampai pada tahun 1950 diketahui bahwa Kloramfenikol dapat menimbulkan anemia aplastik yang fatal.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Karena fungsi dengan menghambat bakteri protein sintesis, kloramfenikol memiliki spektrum yang sangat luas kegiatan: ini aktif terhadap Gram-positif bakteri (termasuk strain sebagian besar MRSA ), Gram-negatif dan bakteri anaerob. Hal ini tidak aktif terhadap Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Klamidia , atau Enterobacter spesies. Ini memiliki beberapa aktivitas terhadap Pseudomonas Burkholderia , namun tidak lagi secara rutin digunakan untuk mengobati infeksi yang disebabkan oleh organisme ini (itu telah digantikan oleh seftazidim dan meropenem ). Di Barat, kloramfenikol sebagian besar dibatasi untuk penggunaan topikal karena kekhawatiran tentang risiko anemia aplastik . </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">BENTUK SEDIAAN :</span></b></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kapsul 250 mg, 500 mg</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">suspensi 125 mg/5 ml</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sirup 125 ml/5 ml</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">serbuk injek. 1g/vail.</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Salep mata 1 %</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat tetes mata 0,5 %</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Salep kulit 2 %</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat tetes telinga 1-5 %</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><br />
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margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mual</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Muntah</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diare</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">neuritis perifer</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">neuritis optic</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">eritema multiforme</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">stomatitis</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">glositis</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">hemoglobinuria nocturnal</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Reaksi toksik dengan manifestasi depresi sumsum tulang.</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Symbol"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelainan ini berhubungan dengan dosis, menjadi sembuh dan pulih bila pengobatan dihentikan. Reaksi ini terlihat bila kadar Kloramfenikol dalam serum melampaui 25 mcg/ml.</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Symbol"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelainan darah reversible dan ireversibel seperti, anemia yang terjadi bersifat menetap yaitu anemia aplastik dengan pansitopenia (dapat berlanjut menjadi leukemia). Timbulnya tidak tergantung dari besarnya dosis atau lama pengobatan. Efek samping ini diduga disebabkan oleh adanya kelainan genetik. Anemia aplastik : jarang terjadi, terjadi hanya 1 pada 25.000-40.000 penggunaan klorafenikol, dan terjadi tidak secara langsung pada saat menggunakan kloramfenikol tetapi muncul setelah beberapa minggu atau beberapa bulan setelah pemakaian.</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">reaksi hipersensitivitas misalnya </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sindrom grey pada bayi premature dan bayi baru lahir : terjadi pada bayi yang lahir premature dan pada bayi umur < 2 minggu dengan gangguan hepar dan ginjal. Klorafenikol terakumulasi dalam darah pada bayi khususnya ketika pemberian dalam dosis tinggi ini yang menyebabkan Gray-baby syndrome. biasanya antara hari ke 2 sampai hari ke 9 masa terapi, rata-rata hari ke 4. Mula-mula bayi muntah, tidak mau menyusui, pernafasan cepat dan tidak teratur, perutkembung, sianosis dan diare dengan tinja berwarna hijau dan bayi tampak sakit berat. Pada hari berikutnya tubuh bayi menjadi lemas dan berwarna keabu-abuan; terjadi pula hipotermia (kedinginan).</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Reaksi hematologik </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Reaksi alergi </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kloramfenikol dapat menimbulkan kemerahan kulit, angioudem, urtikaria dan anafilaksis. Kelainan yang menyerupai reaksi Herxheimer dapat terjadi pada pengobatan demam Tifoid walaupun yang terakhir ini jarang dijumpai</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Reaksi saluran cerna </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bermanifestasi dalam bentuk mual, muntah, glositis, diare dan enterokolitis.</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Reaksi neurologik </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat terlihat dalam bentuk depresi, bingung, delirium dan sakit kepala. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">MEKANISME KERJA OBAT</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kloramfenikol merupakan produk dari tahun pembangunan antibiotik. Karena pH, ia bersinar di atas sebagian besar antibiotik lainnya dalam hal kemampuan untuk menembus. Kloramfenikol dengan mudah dapat melewati mendalam melalui materi purulen pada organisme bersembunyi di dalam, melalui membran sel untuk menyerang parasit tinggal di dalam, dan ke organ-organ mana antibiotik lain tidak bisa pergi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kloramfenikol adalah antibiotik yang mempunyai aktifitas bakteriostatik, dan pada dosis tinggi bersifat bakterisid. Aktivitas antibakterinya dengan menghambat sintesa protein dengan jalan mengikat ribosom subunit 50S, yang merupakan langkah penting dalam pembentukan ikatan peptida. Kloramfenikol efektif terhadap bakteri aerob gram-positif, termasuk Streptococcus pneumoniae, dan beberapa bakteri aerob gram-negatif, termasuk Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, Salmonella, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas mallei, Ps. cepacia, Vibrio cholerae, Francisella tularensis, Yersinia pestis, Brucella dan Shigella. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kloramfenikol bekerja dengan jalan menghambat sintesis protein kuman. Yang dihambat adalah enzim peptidil transferase yang berperan sebagai katalisator untuk membentuk ikatan-ikatan peptida pada proses sintesis protein kuman.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan memproduksi protein yang sangat penting untuk metabolisme, mengganggu kemampuan sel untuk membuat protein bencana. bakteri yang sangat rentan yang tewas langsung sementara yang lain hanya diberikan tidak dapat membagi dan sistem kekebalan inang kemudian menghancurkan mereka setelah diketahui. Kloramfenikol memiliki spektrum luas terutama aktivitas terhadap bakteri aerobik banyak, Mycoplasma, organisme klamidia, dan bakteri anaerob. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kloramfenikol dapat diberikan secara oral atau topikal, biasanya tiga kali sehari. Puncak aktivitas terjadi sekitar 30 menit setelah dosis oral kecuali dalam sistem saraf dimana beberapa jam diperlukan untuk penetrasi darah / penghalang otak. Obat ini adalah pilihan yang sangat baik untuk infeksi dimana: </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada</span></st1:place></st1:city><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> area off nekrotik atau berdinding dengan infeksi bagian dalam misalnya pneumonia adalah</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem saraf pusat atau mata </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelenjar prostat</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">parasit intraselular (klamidia, Mycoplasma, rickettsia) </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kloramfenikol adalah bakteriostatik (yaitu, berhenti pertumbuhan bakteri). Ini adalah sintesis protein inhibitor , menghambat transferase peptidil aktivitas bakteri ribosom , mengikat dan residu A2451 A2452 di 23S rRNA dari subunit ribosom 50S, mencegah pembentukan ikatan peptida.Sementara kloramfenikol dan macrolide kelas antibiotik baik berinteraksi dengan ribosom, kloramfenikol tidak macrolide sebuah. Kloramfenikol langsung mengganggu pengikatan substrat, macrolides hambatan sterik blok perkembangan dari peptida tumbuh</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perlawanan </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada</span></st1:place></st1:city><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> tiga mekanisme ketahanan terhadap kloramfenikol: permeabilitas membran dikurangi, mutasi subunit ribosom 50S dan elaborasi asetiltransferase kloramfenikol. Sangat mudah untuk memilih untuk permeabilitas membran dikurangi menjadi kloramfenikol in vitro dengan bagian serial bakteri, dan ini adalah mekanisme yang paling umum tingkat kloramfenikol perlawanan-rendah. Tingkat tinggi resistance diberikan oleh gen-kucing; ini gen kode untuk sebuah enzim yang disebut asetiltransferase kloramfenikol yang inactivates kloramfenikol oleh kovalen menghubungkan satu atau dua asetil kelompok, yang berasal dari-S-koenzim A asetil, ke hidroksil kelompok pada molekul kloramfenikol . asetilasi ini mencegah kloramfenikol dari mengikat ribosom. Perlawanan-berunding mutasi ribosom subunit 50S jarang. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kloramfenikol resistensi ini dapat dilakukan pada plasmid yang juga kode untuk ketahanan terhadap obat lain. Salah satu contoh adalah ACCoT plasmid (A = <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ampisilin</b> , C = kloramfenikol, Co = kotrimoksasol , T = tetrasiklin ) yang memediasi resistensi multi-obat di tifoid (juga disebut faktor R ). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kloramfenikol akan dihapus dari tubuh melalui mekanisme detoksifikasi hati itu.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">INDIKASI</span></b></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengobatan tifus (demam tifoid) dan paratifoid</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">infeksi berat karena Salmonella sp, </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">H. influenza (terutama meningitis)</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">rickettzia, limfogranuloma, psitakosis</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">gastroenteristis</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">bruselosis</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">disentri.</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">staphylococcal abses otak</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">meningitis</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">lymphogranuloma-psittacosis</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Indikasi asli adalah kloramfenikol dalam pengobatan tipus , namun sekarang hampir universal adanya multi-obat tahan Salmonella typhi yang berarti bahwa itu jarang digunakan untuk indikasi ini kecuali bila organisme diketahui sensitif. Kloramfenikol dapat digunakan sebagai baris agen kedua dalam pengobatan tetrasiklin -tahan kolera . </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kloramfenikol aktif terhadap tiga bakteri penyebab utama meningitis : Neisseria meningitidis , Streptococcus pneumoniae dan Haemophilus influenzae . Di Barat, kloramfenikol tetap menjadi obat pilihan dalam pengobatan meningitis pada pasien dengan berat penisilin atau sefalosporin alergi dan dokter dianjurkan untuk membawa kloramfenikol intravena dalam tas mereka. Di negara-negara berpenghasilan rendah, WHO merekomendasikan bahwa kloramfenikol berminyak digunakan lini pertama untuk mengobati meningitis . </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kloramfenikol telah digunakan di Amerika Serikat pada awal pengobatan empiris anak-anak dengan demam dan ruam petekie , ketika diagnosis diferensial mencakup Neisseria meningitidis septicaemia serta melihat demam Rocky Mountain , sambil menunggu hasil investigasi diagnostik. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kloramfenikol juga efektif terhadap faecium Enterococcus, yang oleh sebab itu sedang dipertimbangkan untuk pengobatan tahan Enterococcus vankomisin . </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">KONTRAINDIKASI</span></b></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hipersensitif</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Anemia</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kehamilan</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menyusui</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">pasien porfiria</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">bayi baru lahir</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">gangguan hati </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sumsum tulang yang abnormal</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sirkulasi sel darah yang abnormal. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">WARNING</span></b></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Vaksinasi tidak boleh diberikan selama proses kloramfenikol</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan digunakan untuk mengobati influenza, batuk-pilek, infeksi tenggorokan, atau untuk mencegah infeksi ringan.</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada penggunaan jangka panjang sebaiknya dilakukan pemeriksaan hematologi secara berkala. </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hati-hati penggunaan pada penderita dengan gangguan ginjal, wanita hamil dan menyusui, bayi prematur dan bayi yang baru lahir. </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggunaan kloramfenikol dalam jangka panjang dapat menyebabkan tumbuhnya mikroorganisme yang tidak sensitif termasuk jamur.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">DOSIS & ATURAN PAKAI</span></b></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dewasa : 50 mg/kgBB/hari dalam dosis terbagi tiap 6 jam.</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Anak : 50-75 mg/kgBB/hari dalam dosis terbagi tiap 6 jam.</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bayi < 2 minggu : 25 mg/kgBB/hari dalam 4 dosis terbagi tiap 6 jam. Berikan dosis lebih tinggi untuk infeksi lebih berat. Setelah umur 2 minggu bayi dapat menerima dosis sampai 50 mg/kgBB/ hari dalam 4 dosis tiap 6 jam. Dengan cara pakai untuk dewasa 50 mg/kg BB atau 1-2 kapsul 4 kali sehari.</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk infeksi berat dosis dapat ditingkatkan 2 x pada awal terapi sampai didapatkan perbaikan klinis.</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Salep mata 1 %, Obat tetes mata 0,5 %, Salep kulit 2 %, Obat tetes telinga 1-5 % Keempat sediaan tersebut dipakai beberapa kali sehari.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">MACAM – MACAM KLORAMFENIKOL</span></b></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kloramfenikol palmitat atau stearat </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Biasanya berupa botol berisi 60 ml suspensi (tiap 5 l mengandung Kloramfenikol palmitat atau stearat setara dengan 125 mg kloramfenikol). Dosis ditentukan oleh dokter.</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kloramfenikol natrium suksinat </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Vial berisi bubuk kloramfenikol natrium suksinat setara dengan 1 g kloramfenikol yang harus dilarutkan dulu dengan 10 ml aquades steril atau dektrose 5 % (mengandung 100 mg/ml).</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tiamfenikol </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terbagi dalam bentuk sediaan : Kapsul 250 dan 500 mg. Botol berisi pelarut 60 ml dan bubuk Tiamfenikol 1.5 g yang setelah dilarutkan mengandung 125 mg Tiamfenikol tiap 5 ml.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">INTERAKSI DENGAN OBAT LAIN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat-obatan berikut ini dapat berlangsung lebih lama dari yang diharapkan jika digunakan bersamaan dengan kloramfenikol: </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Phenytoin (digunakan untuk kedua penyakit jantung dan untuk kejang) </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Primidone (digunakan untuk kejang) </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fenobarbital (digunakan untuk kejang) </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cyclophosphamide (digunakan dalam kemoterapi) </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggunaan obat berikut mungkin mengganggu aktivitas kloramfenikol: </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fenobarbital (digunakan untuk mengontrol kejang seperti dicatat) </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Amoxicillin (antibiotik lain) </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Eritromisin (antibiotik lain) </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Clindamycin (antibiotik lain) </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tylosin (antibiotik antidiare) </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">TANGGUNGJAWAB PERAWAT</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perawat bertanggung jawab dalam pemberian obat – obatan yang aman . Perawat harus mengetahui semua komponen dari perintah pemberian obat dan mempertanyakan perintah tersebut jika tidak lengkap atau tidak jelas atau dosis yang diberikan di luar batas yang direkomendasikan. Secara hukum perawat bertanggung jawab jika mereka memberikan obat yang diresepkan dan dosisnya tidak benar atau obat tersebut merupakan kontraindikasi bagi status kesehatan klien . Sekali obat telah diberikan , perawat bertanggung jawab pada efek obat yang diduga bakal terjadi. Buku-buku referensi obat seperti , Daftar Obat Indonesia ( DOI ) ,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Physicians‘ Desk Reference (PDR), dan sumber daya manusia , seperti ahli farmasi , harus dimanfaatkan perawat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jika merasa tidak jelas mengenai reaksi terapeutik yang diharapkan , kontraindikasi , dosis , efek samping yang mungkin terjadi , atau reaksi yang merugikan dari pengobatan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>( Kee and Hayes, 1996 ).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Enam Hal yang Benar dalam Pemberian Obat</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Supaya dapat tercapainya pemberian obat yang aman , seorang perawat harus melakukan enam hal yang benar : </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Symbol"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">klien yang benar</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Symbol"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">obat yang benar</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Symbol"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dosis yang bena</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Symbol"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">waktu yang benar</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Symbol"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">rute yang bena</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Symbol"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dokumentasi yang benar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada waktu lampau, hanya ada <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">lima</st1:place></st1:city> hal yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>benar dalam pemberian obat. Tetapi kini ada hal keenam yang dimasukkan yaitu dokumentasi. Dua hal tambahan klien juga dapat ditambahkan : hak klien untuk mengetahui alasan pemberian obat, hak klien untuk menolak penggunaan sebuah obat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Klien yang benar dapat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dipastikan dengan memeriksa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>identitas klien, dan meminta klien menyebutkan namanya sendiri. Beberapa klien akan menjawab dengan nama sembarang atau tidak berespon, maka gelang identifikasi harus diperiksa pada setiap klien pada setiap kali pengobatan. Pada keadan gelang identifikasi hilang, perawat harus memastikan identitas klien sebelum setiap obat diberikan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam keadaan dimana klien tidak memakai gelang identifikasi (sekolah, kesehatan kerja, atau klinik berobat jalan), perawat juga bertanggung jawab untuk secara tepat mengidentifikasi setiap orang pada saat memberikan pengobatan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Obat yang benar berarti klien menerima obat yang telah diresepkan. Perintah pengobatan mungkin diresepkan oleh seorang dokter, dokter gigi,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau pemberi asuhan kesehatan yang memiliki izin praktik dengan wewenang dari pemerintah. Perintah melalui telepon untuk pengobatan harus ditandatangani oleh dokter yang menelepon dalam waktu 24 jam. Komponen dari perintah pengobatan adalah : </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tanggal dan saat perintah ditulis</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">nama obat</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dosis obat</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">rute pemberian</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">frekuensi pemberian</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tanda tangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dokter atau pemberi asuhan kesehatan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Meskipun merupakan tanggung jawab perawat untuk mengikuti perintah yang tepat, tetapi jika salah satu komponen tidak ada atau perintah pengobatan tidak lengkap, maka obat tidak boleh diberikan dan harus segera menghubungi dokter tersebut untuk mengklarifikasinya ( Kee and Hayes, 1996 )</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk menghindari kesalahan, label obat harus dibaca tiga kali :</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">pada saat melihat botol atau kemasan obat</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sebelum menuang / mengisap obat </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">setelah menuang / mengisap obat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perawat harus ingat bahwa obat-obat tertentu mempunyai nama yang bunyinya hampir sama dan ejaannya mirip, misalnya digoksin dan digitoksin, quinidin dan quinine, Demerol dan dikumarol, dst.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dosis yang benar adalah dosis yang diberikan untuk klien tertentu. Dalam kebanyakan kasus, dosis diberikan dalam batas yang direkomendasikan untuk obat yang bersangkutan. Perawat harus menghitung setiap dosis obat secara akurat, dengan mempertimbangkan variable berikut :</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tersedianya obat dan dosis obat yang diresepkan (diminta)</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dalam keadaan tertentu, berat badan klien juga harus dipertimbangkan, misalnya 3 mg/KgBB/hari.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebelum menghitung dosis obat, perawat harus mempunyai dasar pengetahuan mengenai rasio dan proporsi. Jika ragu-ragu, dosis obat harus dihitung kembali dan diperiksa oleh perawat lain.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Waktu yang benar adalah saat dimana obat yang diresepkan harus diberikan. Dosis obat harian diberikan pada waktu tertentu dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sehari, seperti </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Symbol"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.i.d ( dua kali sehari )</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Symbol"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">t.i.d ( tiga kali sehari )</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Symbol"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">q.i.d ( empat kali sehari )</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Symbol"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">q6h ( setiap 6 jam )</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sehingga kadar obat dalam plasma dapat dipertahankan. Jika obat mempunyai waktu paruh (t ½ ) yang panjang, maka obat diberikan sekali sehari. Obat-obat dengan waktu paruh pendek diberikan beberapa kali sehari pada selang waktu yang tertentu . Beberapa obat diberikan sebelum makan dan yang lainnya diberikan pada saat makan atau bersama makanan ( Kee and Hayes, 1996 ; Trounce, 1997)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Implikasi dalam keperawatan mencakup :</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan obat pada saat yang khusus. Obat-obat dapat diberikan ½ jam sebelum atau sesudah waktu yang tertulis dalam resep.</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan obat-obat yang terpengaruh oleh makanan seperti captopril, sebelum makan</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan obat-obat, seperti kalium dan aspirin, yang dapat mengiritasi perut ( mukosa lambung ) bersama-sama dengan makanan.</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanggung jawab perawat untuk memeriksa apakah klien telah dijadwalkan untuk pemeriksaan diagnostik, seperti endoskopi, tes darah puasa, yang merupakan kontraindikasi pemberian obat.</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Periksa tanggal kadaluarsa. Jika telah melewati tanggalnya, buang atau kembalikan ke apotik ( tergantung peraturan ).</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Antibiotika harus diberikan dalam selang waktu yang sama sepanjang 24 jam ( misalnya setiap 8 jam bila di resep tertulis t.i.d ) untuk menjaga kadar darah terapeutik.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rute yang benar perlu untuk absorpsi yang tepat dan memadai. Rute yang lebih sering dari absorpsi adalah </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 25.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">oral ( melalui mulut ): cairan , suspensi ,pil , kaplet , atau kapsul </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 25.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sublingual ( di bawah lidah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk absorpsi vena ) ; </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 25.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">topikal ( dipakai pada kulit ) </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 25.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">inhalasi ( semprot aerosol ) </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 25.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">instilasi ( pada mata , hidung , telinga , rektum atau vagina ) ; dan empat rute parenteral : intradermal , subkutan , intramuskular , dan intravena. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Implikasi dalam keperawatan termasuk :</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nilai kemampuan klien untuk menelan obat sebelum memberikan obat – obat per oral</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pergunakan teknik aseptik sewaktu memberikan obat . Teknik steril dibutuhkan dalam rute parenteral . </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan obat- obat pada tempat yang sesuai . </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tetaplah bersama klien sampai obat oral telah ditelan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dokumentasi yang benar membutuhkan tindakan segera dari seorang perawat untuk mencatat informasi yang sesuai mengenai obat yang telah diberikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>. Ini meliputi nama obat , dosis , rute , waktu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan tanggal , inisial dan tanda tangan perawat . Respon klien terhadap pengobatan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>perlu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>di catat untuk beberapa macam obat seperti </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">narkotik – bagaimana efektifitasnya dalam menghilangkan rasa nyeri<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>– atau</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>analgesik non-narkotik</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sedativa</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">antiemetik </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">reaksi yang tidak diharapkan terhadap pengobatan, seperti irigasi gastrointestinal atau tanda – tanda kepekaan kulit. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penundaan dalam mencatat dapat mengakibatkan lupa untuk mencatat pengobatan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau perawat lain<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>memberikan obat itu kembali karena ia berpikir obat itu belum diberikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Taylor, Lillis and LeMone, 1993 ; Kee and Hayes, 1996 ).</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">annis kumala sari </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">04.07.1655 </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c / kp / VII </span></div><br />
<span id="goog_1806086611"></span><span id="goog_1806086612"></span>annis_malahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01504675359987107341noreply@blogger.com0